What specific tests can confirm a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes?

The confirmation of a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes primarily involves the assessment of the autoimmune profile and the functioning of the pancreas, which is aptly achieved through tests for autoantibodies and measurement of C-peptide levels.

Type 1 diabetes is characterized by the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, which produce insulin. Autoantibodies are markers that indicate an autoimmune response against these beta cells. Testing for specific autoimmune markers, such as GAD65 (Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase), ICA (Islet Cell Antibodies), and IA-2 (Insulinoma-Associated Protein 2 Antibodies), helps in confirming the autoimmune nature of type 1 diabetes.

C-peptide levels, on the other hand, reflect the endogenous production of insulin. In type 1 diabetes, the C-peptide levels are typically low or undetectable due to the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells. By evaluating both the presence of autoantibodies and C-peptide levels, clinicians can accurately distinguish type 1 diabetes from type 2 and other forms of diabetes.

The other options, while useful in managing diabetes or understanding an individual's health situation, do not provide the specificity needed to confirm a diagnosis of type 1